Topic — Entropy, irreversibility and the arrow of time.
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11
Linked atoms
69 linked atoms.
11 Entropy
- Boltzmann and microstates
- Heat flow from hot to cold: proof
- Clausius, Boltzmann and the fate of the universe
- Freezer and the second law
- Given ΔS, find V2
- Hot shower: ΔS of the universe
- Two bodies in contact: ΔS of the universe
- Entropy of a crystal as T→0
- Entropy of an ideal gas
- Entropy of a solid or liquid
- Entropy of a thermostat
- Entropy and disorder
- Entropy in free expansion
- Entropy in an irreversible cycle
- Entropic statement
- Worked example — the coffee cools down
- Worked example — free expansion is not reversible
- Worked example — maximum work from cooling coffee
- Worked example — why heat flows from hot to cold
- Isothermal expansion: ΔS of the gas
- Science fiction physics: entropy with opposite sign
- Science fiction physics: without the second law
- Science fiction physics: life and entropy
- Cooled iron: maximum work
- Freezer and life
- Melting 1 kg of ice: ΔS
- Gas in reversible adiabatic expansion
- The reversible cooling of coffee
- Ink in water: microstates
- Entropy as information
- Entropy is a state function
- Boltzmann’s formula
- The arrow of time
- The arrow of time: why the past differs from the future
- Consequences of the second law
- Reading a graph of ln W vs E
- Reading an S-T graph of a transition
- Engine with a single reservoir
- Macrostate and microstate
- Carnot engine: ΔS of the universe
- Qualitative: the coffee that cools down
- Qualitative: the glass that falls
- Copper immersed in water: total ΔS
- T ratio
- Ranking ΔS of the surroundings
- Ranking ΔS in expansions
- Ranking ΔS in three expansions
- Reversible and irreversible
- Heating water: ΔS
- Melting ice: entropy of the universe
- Challenge: the Gibbs paradox
- Fermi estimate: entropy of a burnt book
- Fermi estimate: S of the Sun vs the Earth
- Fermi estimate: ΔS of the human body
- Estimate: entropy of a cup of coffee
- Equilibrium temperature from entropy
- True or false about entropy (advanced)
- True or false about entropy (basic)
- ΔS of ice melting
- ΔS of an isobaric heating process
- ΔS of a mixture at different temperatures
- ΔS in two heat exchanges
- Is ΔS equal to zero admissible?
12 Cycles and heat engines
- Worked example — reversible vs irreversible isothermal expansion
- General formula for the entropy of a gas
- Problem — Carnot cycle in the T-S plane
- Problem — Entropy in a Carnot cycle
- Problem — Four cycles in the T-S plane