Object — Model gas of non-interacting point-like molecules.
Present in chapters
09·10·12
Linked atoms
71 linked atoms.
10 Irreversible transformations and energy balance
- Compressed air heats up
- Worked exercise — Nitrogen heated in a rigid cylinder
- Aluminium block in nitrogen (thermal equilibrium)
- Heat at constant pressure (comparison)
- Heat at constant volume (monatomic gas)
- Heat in an isothermal process
- Different paths, same state
- Adiabatic compression
- Energy exchange diagram
- Two paths in the p–V plane
- Thermal equilibrium: solid + gas
- Worked exercise — Free expansion of a gas
- Free expansion into a vacuum
- Speculative physics: gamma equal to 2
- Identifying the gas
- The first law as an energy balance
- Inverse: from L to the ratio of volumes
- Inverse: Q in an isobaric process
- Isochoric and isobaric processes
- Isothermal and adiabatic processes
- The bicycle pump
- Work in isobaric expansion
- Work in an isobaric process
- Paths in the P–V plane (heating processes)
- Mixed problems: pistons, springs, gravity
- Ranking: heat absorbed in four transformations
- Ranking: heat in isobaric and isochoric processes
- Ranking: work in expansions
- Heating at constant pressure: the coefficient Cp
- Heating with a moving piston (and the atmosphere)
- Heating a gas at constant volume
- Worked exercise — Heating under the piston
- Challenge: fast adiabatic pump
- Summary: four-stage cycle
- Lifting a vertical piston
- Estimate: work of a hot air bubble
- Irreversible transformations
11 Entropy
- Given ΔS, find V2
- Entropy of an ideal gas
- Entropy in free expansion
- Worked exercise — free expansion is not reversible
- Isothermal expansion: ΔS of the gas
- Gas in reversible adiabatic expansion
- Macrostate and microstate
- Ranking ΔS in expansions
- Ranking ΔS in three expansions
- Challenge: the Gibbs paradox
- ΔS of an isobaric heating process
12 Cycles and heat engines
- Reversible adiabatic process
- What makes a transformation reversible
- Worked exercise — simplified Carnot cycle
- Worked exercise — reversible vs. irreversible isothermal expansion
- General formula for the entropy of a gas
- The Carnot cycle and maximum efficiency
- Reversible isobaric process
- Reversible isochoric process
- Reversible isothermal process
- The curve in the P–V plane
- Problem — Area of a p–V cycle
- Problem — Carnot in p–V (adiabatic vs. isothermal)
- Problem — Monatomic Carnot cycle (400–250 K)
- Problem — Carnot cycle in the ln P – ln V plane
- Problem — Rectangular cycle in the p–V plane
- Problem — Adiabatic compression of a diatomic gas
- Problem — Proof of Carnot efficiency
- Problem — Stirling engine
- Problem — Realistic petrol engine (Otto vs. Carnot)
- Problem — Efficiency of the Diesel cycle
- Problem — Efficiency of the Otto cycle
- Same gas, two different transformations
- Summary table of the transformations